[literacy 2.0: born digital?]
This was originally posted over at Frontline Books.

I have spent the past week mulling over the thought-provoking comments to last week’s blog post. I’ve also been pondering the various responses (online and e-mail) to the “Web 2.0: The Machine is Us/ing Us” video. Ranging from a tangible enthusiasm, to a general malaise towards all things with the suffix two point oh, to wary placations that “we still have day jobs,” I’m left wondering why there are such divided reactions. The “us” and the “them?” Marc Prensky says “digital natives” are born into technology and thus are “’native speakers’ of the digital language of computers, video games and the Internet.” Prensky also has a term for those of the Luddite persuasion; “digital immigrants” might adopt “most aspects” of the techy environment but will always retain their “accent.” So, no matter how fluent one might get in technospeak, it’ll never sound like its “natural.” Hrm…I would have to disagree with both the idea and the terminology employed (are we back in the dark ages?!). As an aside, to what conclusions might one leap when noticing that Prensky’s blog hasn’t been updated since early Sept. 2006.
Previously, my ideological position has been that literacy *must* be taught. The idea that there is a graspable notion of what literacy is and armed with plenty of teaching supplies, even the most reticent student will *learn* to appreciate the pleasure of the printed page. Not to sound too dogmatic... What about transliteracy? How can it be taught, explained, fathomed, when we’re still attempting to understand it as it unfolds?look out for the blackberry about 3mins in - yay Canada!
But times and technologies change and so must we. And so, this week I’ve relived my own first forays into the technologically designed world. I remember the curiosity the glowing green screen provoked and the initial one-to-one sessions (between the computer and I) I experienced as more of a devoir rather than a pleasure. How times, and I, have changed. I now adoringly caress the slight indentations I’ve created on my oft’ used keys. I smile at the thought of the measureless hours I’ve spent at the computer, the smudged stickers and worn sheen as evidence. The computer now is much more than a device that allows me to follow academic guidelines (no handwritten essays accepted) but has become a mode of communication. 
The point of this interlude into my consciousness is to highlight the necessity of time and collaboration inherent in most learning. I do not think that transliteracy can simply be *taught.*
From the comments and responses to the web 2.0 video that are flowing online, I’m beginning to see transliteracy as more of an evolution between collaborators (person-to-person, person-to-computer, person-mode), a testimony to the level of comfort one might have with the various modes available. Perhaps certain examples can be given (Chris Joseph and I are currently working on this) to help elaborate the different modes at work (as mentioned in last week’s post: visual, aural, kinaesthetic, textual) but like any literacy, transliteracy will come with time, experience, and comfort. Additionally, transliteracy suggests a sense of a wider world. While you might only see your reflection in the screen, there are millions of others online with you. In this sense, transliteracy engenders a collaborative and participatory ethos (such as commenting on a blog post or folksonomy). We can read across modes, but we can also interact and communicate in various ways and in/at different times. Literacy might have an “i”, emphasising the subjective process, however, the “i” is not solitary.
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Labels: digital literacy, literacy, networking, new media, reading, social networks, tagging, transliteracy


jess @ jesslaccetti.co.uk




15 Comments:
It's a "rush-y" type work day (stupid snow storm), so I only got through the first two paragraphs of your entry. However, from what I did read, I'll have to say I fit in the "malaise" camp with regards to Web 2.0. From the perspective of a developer and person who keeps an eye on the financial markets, it has been doing some very bad things that mimic the original Internet bubble. Much like the first time, there is far too much hype for far too little substance.
Hi Nihilist,
Lucky you to have snow....not here.
I would like to hear what the "very bad things" are that Web 2.0 is doing. I agree that there are those (there always are) with euphoric optimism and there there are those who are more critical. However, when I hear the term web 2.0 I think of things like flickr, delicious and other social bookmarking software, blogging, etc...and to mean, that's enabling.
As the "enthusiasm" part of "tangible enthusiasm" in your first paragraph here, I wish to thank you. But I also want to bring your attention to the fact that the camps aren't clearly delineated between enthusiasm and malaise.
Though I was (and still am) enthusiastic about the dissemination of my colleague's video essay, I'm quite critical of some ideas behind its content. Luckily enough, Wesch has been quite forthcoming in his discussion of important concepts. However linear and domineering his video was, his behaviour as a digital ethnographer are, IMHO, animated by fairly deep insight in a current online phenomenon.
Actually, comments on the Savage Minds anthropology blog (the "tangible" part of "tangible enthusiasm") have tended to be much more critical than the comments on Larry Lessig's blog (the "malaise" of the "general malaise" in the first paragraph). Not surprising: we (anthropologists) tend to be inveterate cynics and critiques.
What impresses me in much of the discussion of Wesch's video essay is that people do notice the insight gained from ethnography. His is not a market research on how people react to a term. It's a clear exposé of some of the implications of current changes in digital life that people have started to lump under the term "Web 2.0" (which I dislike as much as the next person).
As to "digital literacy," there's much to discuss. I do tend to agree with Wesch that recent changes in the way online technologies have been reappropriated by "The People" are having a large impact on the way we think about a number of issues, including Open Access (to scholarly articles) and how savvy people must be to the use of very specific tools. At the same time, there's more than a simple digital divide or a generation gap, here. There's a widespread reassessment of what technology can do to particular societies and to global contacts.
Personally, like Sue Thomas, I think of online content as a way to break free of some of the material possessions on which people tend to rely. Sure, I absolutely need a computer to do any work, at this point. But I don't need to carry a huge library every time I move to a new city (19 times since December 2000). The materiality of books isn't that much of a necessity, to me. And I love the "oral feel" of much online communication.
Many comments seem to relate to the distinction between "old school Luddite tenured academics" and the emerging group of "trendsetting post-PoMo lifelong students." Recently, academics had jobs. Nowadays, it might be possible to connect with our passions, again. Not because of technology. Despite history.
Hi Alexandre,
Thanks for such an enlightening comment.
In terms of clear deliniation, camps are rarely so easily distinguished. I'm looking back at the comments on the Savage Minds blog and since I posted this here, there are some added comments but I do think overall they are supportive and enthusiastic. Which is think is great. You're right, there are critiques (as you've noted about "linear" and "domineering") but what is impressive (I think) is that Wesch has created something that has swept the internet. That in itself has piqued my curiousity (is that a bit too much medium is the message?).
Right now I'm mulling over your argreement with Sue, to break free of material possessions...why the need to break free? Of course the materiality of books is not neccessary for some people. So is the computer material enough for you? Would you explain more about the "oral feel" of online communication? It sounds quite transliterate!
Thanks for writing!
My interest in Wesch's video was pretty much the same as yours. The only added dimension is that I'm thinking of using it as a demonstration of "ethnographic insight" and/or "creative forms of publication."
Material possessions... Part of it is the dream of simple living (we call it «simplicité volontaire», here in Quebec). Part of it is the idea of living more through feeling and thinking than through having and collecting. I've never been attached to objects (I'm a musician) and I've always dreamt of being, like a snail, able to carry my whole life with me.
There's something specific about books. Of course, their materiality runs against some of "personality traits" or preferences. I also enjoy conversations more than I do most bounded texts. And I don't even see literacy (of any kind) as such an essential skill. So, apart from the impracticality of having to carry books with me, I just find online communication more fulfilling than "dead tree" books.
Yes, I do find the combination of a computer, a power outlet, and a wireless connection to give me more than any other possession. Don't have (or want) a car, been renting for a number of years, been moving around a bit.
Thanks again for your help!
I like the Quebecois saying, especially that it adds the notion of voluntary, i.e. implies a choice. I also think you're right in appreciating life more through feeling and thinking than collecting - it's experiences we remember most (I think) rather than material accumulations. But, for me, there is something irreplaceable with print books, though I do turn to them in a manner very different from the way I analyse web fictions, enjoy blogs, read in online libraries, or other online communication.
Just yesterday in our PaRT (Production and Research in Transliteracy) group we were having a discussion about (go figure!) literacy. How can literacy not be essential Alexandre? Literacy is about knowing how to communicate. Don't conversations (online or off) rely on literacy too?
Thanks for sharing your fascinating insights.
Came back to answer the question about my perception of the oral character of online communication. Just found (through Language Log) a Slate piece about interjections which includes some comments about the oral/speech dimension of online writing: http://www.slate.com/id/2159929/
I do respect your love for books. And I enjoy old bookstores as much as the next intello. It's just that, to me, the text itself is more important than the book which contains it. In fact, entextualisation (transforming items into bounded texts) can be, to me, too strict a process. Mash-ups fit more.
On the necessity of literacy. Maybe I'm overstating it in this specific case (especially, given your blog's name) but it's an issue which comes up on a regular basis.
As an ethnographer working with Africans, my perspective is rather specific. If communication is about the transmission of information, I prefer to look at ways people use to share knowledge. Some of which aren't through "ostensive communication." Yes, people "know how to communicate." But evaluating such knowledge is a focus which I can hardly share.
People often seem to assume that «alphabétisation» (literacy of the written word) is necessary for development. To this day, "illiterate" often connotes stupidity, to academics. In discussions about Africa's problems, formal education based on "book learning" is often stressed as the first step toward a solution. Because much information has been encoded in writing, people seem to assume that knowledge is mostly transmitted in writing and that "if only They could read," everybody would get along.
Many people apply the same ideas to knowledge need to use other tools besides writing. Computer-savvy people are more likely to get jobs. You need to know slang to be accepted by younger people. Etc.
Of course, your blog and research group are more careful about defining "literacy" in a more open way. In fact, your definition sounds like Hymes' "communicative competence" as used by contemporary linguistic anthropologists. And it's quite possible that your stance is neither evaluative nor prescriptive. But, to me, literacy needs not be taught, at least not in a formal way. Tricks to facilitate performance in some communication modes can be taught, but communicative efficiency have little to do with formal learning (and quite a bit to do with enculturation and other processes of informal learning, sharing, and exchange).
As you can imagine, much of my thinking on these issues comes from being a musician. But that will have to wait for another thread... ;-)
Hrm....thinking of the transmission of knowledge and your interest in how people share info, what do you think of (web 2.0?) applications like delicious et al?
I wrote a bit about it here.
That link to your post on social bookmarking isn't working right now.
My personal opinion is that those applications do correspond to an approach to information sharing which is compatible with my own approach. I also think that many of these tools will be combined, in the near future. Social bookmarking, blogging, social networking, event management, picture sharing, learning management, academic articles, user-generated content, etc. There are, to me, obvious links between all of these pieces and Web 3.0 (or Internet 7, or Web 2.1...) may turn out to be about this integration.
I tend not to use del.icio.us itself so much but it does correspond to a management of knowledge through networked identities. "Explode" seems to approximate an important chunk of what I think can become the new social web...
Anyhoo... Specifically about sharing information, in the context of knowledge and literacy. Those tools to share data (from links to videos, statistics to musical recordings) are being integrated in very specific cultural contexts. They work well in scriptocentric contexts. Oral-oriented contexts tend to adopt other types of tools, like cellphones and audio players/recorders (with loudspeakers). There could be more connections between, say, cellphone-using Kenyans and Web enthusiasts in the Netherlands, but it's unlikely to happen. Knowledge shared in Kenya may carry over to Peru and Indonesia but not to Canada or South Africa...
Ok, I'm not really answering your question very directly but it'd be easier if the social bookmarking entry were available... ;-)
Hrm. Shame about the link not working...i probably made a typo.
"explode" sounds like an apt metaphor for the social web - the amount of information and connections readily available is amazing.
And yes, these media are scriptocentric and English-centric too...
AFAIK, there wasn't a typo in the URL. But the site was offline, for a while. (Tried the subdomain and it didn't work.)
Will look at your social bookmarking, now that the site is back online.
"Explode" is the name of a "social networking" system developed by the CurveRider/Elgg people. It's getting some traction. And supports OpenID.
As it so happens, I'm teaching on social networks, today.
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